Iconic artist pre 1900, Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) is the pre-eminent Post-Impressionist. All modern art can be traced either directly or indirectly to him. He immediately had an effect on Gauguin, van Gogh, Picasso and Braque, who in turn have influenced countless others. He reduced every object in nature to one of three shapes; the cone, the cylinder, and the cube. He then achieved a three-dimensional architectural effect by deliberately alternating warm and cool tones and by using a dark outline around objects.